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In the Republic of Panama a causeway connects the islands of Perico, Flamenco, and Naos to Panama City on the mainland. In the Netherlands there are a number of prominent dikes which also double as causeways, including the Afsluitdijk, Brouwersdam, and Markerwaarddijk. Notable causeways include those that connect Singapore and Malaysia (the Johor-Singapore Causeway), Bahrain and Saudi Arabia (25-km long King Fahd Causeway) and Venice to the mainland, all of which carry roadways and railways. Kaichu Doro in Uruma, Okinawa-Honto, the main island of the Ryukyu Islands in Japan. However, some of the stones were left loose. Coral stone was also used to build up the causeways, with sand and lime being used to cement the cobbles together. Some parts of the causeway are made from the bedrock, but usually the bedrock was used as a base. These acted as breakwaters, allowing mangroves to grow which is one of the ways the breakwater can be spotted from a distance. In East Africa, the Husuni Kubwa (the "Great Fort"), situated outside the town of Kilwa, was an early 14th-century sultan's palace and emporium that contained causeways and platforms at the entrance of the Harbour made from blocks of reef and coral nearly a meter high. Built in 3807 or 3806 BC, the track was a walkway consisting mainly of planks of oak laid end-to-end, supported by crossed pegs of ash, oak, and lime, driven into the underlying peat. One of the oldest engineered roads yet discovered is the Sweet Track in England.
The Aztec city-state of Tenochtitlan had causeways supporting roads and aqueducts. Some low causeways across shore waters become inaccessible when covered at high tide. The distinction between the terms causeway and viaduct becomes blurred when flood-relief culverts are incorporated, though generally a causeway refers to a roadway supported mostly by earth or stone, while a bridge supports a roadway between piers (which may be embedded in embankments).
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Ī transport corridor that is carried instead on a series of arches, perhaps approaching a bridge, is a viaduct a short stretch of viaduct is called an overpass. The Welsh word cawsai translates directly to the English word 'causeway' it is possible that, with Welsh being a lineal linguistic descendant of the original native British tongues, the English word derives from the Welsh. The trampling and ramming technique for consolidating earthworks was used in fortifications and there is a comparable, outmoded form of wall construction technique, used in such work and known as pisé, a word derived not from trampling but from ramming or tamping. The Welsh is relevant here, as it also has a verb, sarnu, meaning to trample. Other languages have a noun with similar dual meaning. As a noun chaussée is used on the one hand for a metalled carriageway, and on the other for an embankment with or without a road. The French adjective, chaussée, carries the meaning of having been given a hardened surface, and is used to mean either paved or shod.
The word is comparable in both meanings with the French chaussée, from a form of which it reached English by way of Norman French. modern chaussée), from the late Latin via calciata, a road stamped firm with the feet ( calcare, to tread)." The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states "causey, a mound or dam, which is derived, through the Norman-French caucie (cf. It is now little-used except in dialect and in the names of roads which were originally notable for their solidly-made surface. The name by this route came to be applied to any firmly-surfaced road. The second derivation route is simply the hard, trodden surface of a path. The same technique would have been used for road embankments, raised river banks, sea banks and fortification earthworks. Originally, the construction of a causeway utilised earth that had been trodden upon to compact and harden it as much as possible, one layer at a time, often by enslaved bodies or flocks of sheep. It derives ultimately, from the Latin for heel, calx, and most likely comes from the trampling technique to consolidate earthworks. This word seems to have come from the same source by two different routes. When first used, the word causeway appeared in a form such as "causey way" making clear its derivation from the earlier form "causey".
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Look up rez-de-chaussée or rez, de, or chaussée in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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